Erowid References Database
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Hoffmeister F, Wuttke W.
“Psychotropic Drugs as Negative Reinforcers.”.
Pharmacol.Rev.. 1975;27(3):419-28.
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Abstract
The effects of infusions of LSD, 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methyl amphetamine (SUP), chlorpromazine or imipramine as negative reinforcers in the monkey, were investigated. Methods Rhesus monkeys implanted with i.v. catheters and s.c. electro rodes were tained to press a lever which turned off a white light associated with an electric shock. When the monkeys responded reliably electric shocks were no longer delivered. Responding ceased within 2 wk. when 10-see saline infusions were scheduled in the same way as the electric shocks. Saline infusions were then alternated with test drug infusions. In a second series of experiments, the effects of the drugs on responding which terminated the stimulus associated with electric shock, were studied. Results When LSD was substituted for saline many successive infusion infusions occurred before responding was engendered and maintained. Stimuli associated with infusions of nalorphine also engen dered and maintained avoidance responding, In contrast to LSD, which for a short time decreased the rate of responding maintained by termination of a stimulus associated with electric shock, nalorphine did not affect responding or number of shocks tolerated. STY was less effective in engendering responding than LSD or nalorphine. STY did not affect responding maintained by termination of a stimulus associated with electric shock. Chlorpromazine after the first 3 days, engendered responding and decreased responding maintained by termination of a stimulus associated with electric shock. Imipramine did not engender responding and did not affect responding maintained by termination of a stimulus associated with electric shock. Pentobarbitone did not engender responding but decreased rates of responding under the electric shock schedule. Certain psychotropic drugs can function as negative reinforcers in drug-naive rhesus monkeys.
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