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Marum et al. 1979 mentioned that gramine genes are known to be recessive to all other indole genes.

Oram 1970 found that tryptamine production capabilities were highly inheritable. [Tryptamine producing genes have been determined to be dominant.]

Østrem notes that Phalaris arundinacea is highly self sterile.

Production of high alkaloid types through deliberate breeding effort will be a much simpler, productive venture and far less costly than the ongoing programs to the contrary.